String Handling Routines

Mathematical Operators

The following mathematical operators are used in KoLmafia:

+	Addition	Performs addition and string concatenation
-	Subtraction	Performs subtraction
*	Multiplication	Performs multiplication
/	Division	Performs division
%	Modulo	Returns the remainder after division
^	Exponent	Performs exponentiation

Note that, with the exception of using "+" for string concatenation, these operators can only be used on int or float datatypes.

Assignment Operators

The following assignment operators are used in KoLmafia (let a = left operand, b = right operand):

=	a = b
+=	a = a + b
-=	a = a - b
*=	a = a * b
/=	a = a / b
%=	a = a % b

Of these, only += and = are usable for strings. See Mathematical Operators for information regarding the basic Mathematical Operators.

Relational Operators

To follow these examples, a basic understanding of the concepts found on Control Structures would be helpful.

In order to create more complex if statements, we need to understand the basic relational operators:

==	equal to
!=	not equal to
<	less than
>	greater than
<=	less than or equal to
>=	greater than or equal to

Note that you cannot mix datatypes within a comparison or KoLmafia will abort with an error, with the exception of mixing types int and float, where KoLmafia will do a transparent type conversion behind-the-scenes. If you need to compare different datatypes, use one or more of the Datatype Conversion functions. Also, == is case-insensitive with respect to strings.

if ( true == true )
{
   print( "This line DOES get printed." );
}
if ( true == false )
{
   print( "This line does NOT get printed." );
}
if ( 1 == 1.0 )
{
   print( "This line DOES get printed." );
}
if ( 1 == 2 )
{
   print( "This line does NOT get printed." );
}
if ( "Hello" == "hello" )
{
   print( "This line DOES get printed." );
}

Boolean Operators

&&	and
||	or
!	not

Note that the above operators only work with boolean values & datatypes. To make use of them with other datatypes, you will either need to first perform a Datatype Conversion, or you will need to nest your operations such that a boolean value is used with the boolean operators.

if ( true && true )
{
   print( "This line DOES get printed (both possibilities proved true)." );
}
if ( true && false )
{
   print( "This line does NOT get printed (only one possibility proved true)." );
}
if ( true || false )
{
   print( "This line DOES get printed (since at least one of the possibilities proved true)." );
}
if ( ! false )
{
   print( "This line DOES get printed (since the not operator converted false to true)." );
}

We also need to understand operator precedence. Statements inside a () pair are always evaluated first, then from left to right.

if ( true || true && false )
{
   print( "This line DOES get printed." );
   // evaluated left-to-right
   // true or (true && false) returns true
}
if ( true && ( true && false ) )
{
   print( "This line does NOT get printed." );
   // ( true && false ) is evaluated first since it is inside of parentheses
   // so we end up evaluating ( true && false ) which returns false
}
if ( true && ! ( true && false ) )
{
   print( "This line DOES get printed." );
   // ( true && false ) is evaluated first since it is inside of parentheses
   // the ! operator converts the false from ( true && false ) to true
   // ( true && true ) returns true
}

Bitwise Operators

The following mathematical operators are used for operating on the bits of integers. The operands must be integers; no coercion is allowed:

&	and	a & b
	or	a	b
~	not	Performs multiplication
<<	left shift	a << b
>>	right shift	a >> b
and
	or	a	b
>>>	unsigned right shift	a >>> b
right shift
unsigned right shift