Control Structures

Conditional

if

if ( boolean )
{
   // any statements here
   // are only going to be executed
   // if the boolean returns true
}

Single-statement conditionals may omit the curly braces.

if ( boolean )
   // curly braces aren't required if only one statement follows the conditional

else

if ( boolean )
{
   // statements if true
}
else
{
   // the statements here
   // are only going to be executed
   // if the boolean returns false
}

else if

if ( boolean 1 )
{
   // statements if true
}
else if ( boolean 2 )
{
   // the statements here
   // are only going to be executed
   // if boolean 1 returns false
   // & boolean 2 returns true
}

switch

switch ( variable )
{
   case value:
      // statements if variable == value
      // more such statements
      break;
   //repeat above for as many values as desired
   default:
      // statements executed if
      // none of the cases were true
}

Note that each "case" can only test against a single value; that value can be a variable itself, but not a test expression.

If switch has no parameter, then each case is evaluated as a boolean expression, like a string of if-then statements.

switch
{
   case boolean expression:
      // if the expression is true, this statement is executed
      // more such statements
      break;
   //repeat above for as many conditionals as desired
   default:
      // statements executed if
      // none of the cases were true
}

Loops

while

while ( boolean )
{
   // as with an if statement
   // this area is only entered
   // if the boolean tests true
   // once all this is done
   // it goes back to the begining
   // and will keep executing
   // as long as the boolean remains true
}

repeat until

This is similar to the do...while loop, but only ends the loop when the boolean expression evaluates to true.

repeat
{
   // this is the same
   // as the while loop above
   // with one exception:
   // all of this code will
   // execute at least once
   // as the test doesn't occur
   // until the very end
} until ( boolean );

for

for x from a to b by c {
   //do stuff
}

Above is the general case. You don't need to specify whether it's going up or down - although doing so by using upto or downto does allow a runtime check to make sure you didn't screw up.

If you don't specify "c", it defaults to incrementing/decrementing by 1. The first iteration is at a and the last is at b (that is to say, it goes from a to b, inclusive).

foreach

foreach key in aggregate {
   //do stuff
}

Assigns each key in the supplied map or slice to "key" and iterates through the map. Due to how maps are handled, foreach is guaranteed to iterate through the map in sorted order.

For example:

boolean [int][string] map;
map[15]["test"] = true;
foreach int_index in map {
   print(int_index); //this will print '15' once, since there is only one valid value for this index
   foreach string_index in map[int_index] //this iterates over the "slice" of the map where 1 is fixed as the index
   { 
      print(string_index); //This will print "test" once, since there is only one valid value for this index
      print(map[int_index][string_index]); //this will print "true"
   }
}

So the output is

15
test
true

For a multidimensional map, instead of nesting foreach statements two iterators can be used inline.

foreach x, y in map {
   //do stuff
}

This is identical to:

foreach x in map {
   foreach y in map[x] {
      //do stuff
   }
}

You can also directly specify the value stored in the map by specifying one more variable than the number of keys in the map:

//string [string, int, item] my_map;
foreach s, i, m, value in my_map {
    print( s + ", " + i + ", " + m + " => " + value );
}

See the page for Data Structures for more information on aggregates.

Continuation & Exiting

Like many languages with looping structures, ASH supports the break and continue statements. All looping structures (for, while, repeat until, and foreach) support these statements.

break

Breaks out of the smallest enclosing loop. In a switch statement, breaks out of the switch statement. Execution resumes at the first statement after the end of the loop/switch statement.

continue

Continues on to the next iteration of the loop (skipping any statements in this iteration that occur after the continue statement). In a switch statement, continue is allowed iff the switch is inside a loop, and acts as any other continue.

return

Exits the function and returns the value following the return statement, if specified. Note that the value's datatype must match that of the function itself (void functions can only use return by itself).